IRF5 and ischemic stroke: Furthermore, miR-31 secreted by ADMSCs-derived extracellular vesicles downregulated the translation of TRAF6, subsequently decreased expression of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), and mitigated neuronal damage, thereby inhibited neuronal apoptosis in MCAO mice models, reduced post-ischemic infarct volume, improved neuronal cell survival after OGD, and finally promoted neurological function recovery after ischemic stroke [44].