APOE and atherosclerosis: Another study suggested carnosine as a promising therapeutic agent in humans by its effects on attenuation of renal dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice through scavenging reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), leading to the decreased carbonylation of proteins and inhibits advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) generation and thus reduces inflammation leading to lesion progression [15].