SPP1 and metabolic syndrome: As expected with the high adiposity of the participants, metabolic alterations consistent in dyslipidemia, elevated proinflammatory adipokines like leptin, osteopontin, lipocalin 2, tenascin C, YKL-40, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-32, as well as high circulating concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors like CRP, von Willebrandt factor, homocysteine and fibrinogen together with low anti-inflammatory adipokines like adiponectin and cytokines such as interleukin-4, were observed.