TNF and anemia (phenotype): A strong correlation has been found between the prevalence and severity of anemia; the prevalence of increased mean plasma levels of inflammation markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ferritin, hepcidin, erythropoietin, and reactive oxygen species; and the stage of cancer [38,39,40].