MTOR and cancer: -Create migration pathways for cancer cells and affect their invadopodia [243], thereby promoting invasion and metastasis [244].-Promote PI3 kinase (PI3K) activity and induce invasion [245].-Induce resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) through the activation of mTOR via the AKT-independent pathway [246].-Promote the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells via the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) signaling pathway [247].