-Stimulates proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and metastasis [256].-Induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition.-Induces and activates other signaling pathways in cancer cells such as JNK, Wnt, Notch, AKT/HIF1α, and TGF-β.-Creates barriers for T-lymphocytes to enter the tumor. Here, HIF1A is linked to cancer.