In line with this, our laboratory shows that the mouse monoclonal antibody 2C10, which specifically recognizes dsDNA and does not bind to single-stranded (ss)DNA, enters the nucleus of PBMCs from healthy subjects and induces the expression of cytokines commonly implicated in lupus, including IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 [23]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.