To understand pathophysiological mechanisms potentially involved in the relationship between DM and cognitive impairment, we must first point out that although DM is defined as a hyperglycemic disease, iatrogenic recurrent hypoglycemia will occur to a greater or lesser degree in consequence of sulfonylurea, glinide, or insulin treatments (for a review, see [82,83]). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Hypoglycemia.