Further frequently altered genes in ccRCC are chromatin-modifying genes: polybromo-1 (PBRM1), BRCA1 associated protein 1 (PAB1), SET domain containing 2 histone-lysine N-methytransferase (SETD2), located on the same 3p chromosomal region [82,83,84], and less frequently, lysine demethylase 5C (KDM5C) located on the X chromosome [85] and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter located on chromosome 5p [86,87]. Here, PABPC1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.