IL1B and central nervous system cancer: IL-1β is a well-known cytokine that upregulates mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), which, together with prostaglandin PGE2, interacts with PGE2 receptors, and thereby enhances glioma aggressiveness by maintaining glioma cell stemness and the inflammatory microenvironment [48,49,50].