CTSS and cancer: Moreover, previous findings suggest that radiation induces cathepsin S expression through ROS-IFN-gamma pathways, and this heightened expression may play a role in the development of radioresistance [16], it was also investigated that cath H signaling plays a crucial role in regulating the cancer metabolic switch and apoptosis, contributing to the development of radioresistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma cells (HCC).