Carlo et al. found an odds ratio of 3.0 (95% CI, 1.3–5.8; p = 0.003) from a cohort of 257 patients with advanced renal cancer; Zlowocka-Perlowska et al. found an OR of 2.5 (95% CI, 1.5–4.1; p = 0.0003) from a cohort of 835 unselected renal cancer patients; and Bychkovsky et al. found an OR of 2.57 (95% CI, 1.75–3.68; p < 0.001) in a cohort of 3783 CHEK2 mutation carriers [26,27,29]. The gene discussed is CHEK2; the disease is renal carcinoma.