TNF and Obesity: As obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, the effect of WBC may be due to its anti-inflammatory properties, such as the reduction of pro-inflammatory responses such as reduced levels of inflammatory markers (e.g., CRP), modulation of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, and the cytokine levels observed (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1) may help counteract the inflammatory processes associated with the PCC [38].