Studies of chronically inflamed livers from patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), NASH, primary biliary cholangitis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis have also shown that intermediate CD14highCD16+ monocytes (similar to Ly6Chigh MoMφs in the murine liver), which are derived from infiltrating classical CD14highCD16− monocytes, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, CCL1, and CCL2 [120]. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.