PDCD1 and exstrophy-epispadias complex: Tahara et al. [44] documented that the programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein was strongly expressed in both the tumor cells and immune cells at the invasive front of grade 1 EEC showing MELF pattern, suggesting a possible therapeutic role for targeting programmed cell death 1/PD-L1 axis in EEC.