The latter study demonstrated rates of 11–22% of renin-independent (primary) aldosteronism, which increased over the categories of normotensive, untreated stage 1 hypertension, untreated stage 2 hypertension, and treated resistant hypertension; the rates increased among a subset with suppressed renin activity, especially in the treated resistant group (51.6% prevalence of confirmed aldosteronism). Here, REN is linked to primary aldosteronism.