To deepen our understanding on the role of OPN in BPH pathogenesis, our team evaluated the tissue levels and expression patterns of OPN in tissues from patients undergoing surgery for LUTS (surgical BPH) compared to those from patients with low-risk, small-volume prostate cancer exhibiting incidental BPH histology, representing an earlier disease stage [55]. Here, SPP1 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.