Of note, neuroinflammation, which is closely related to neurodegenerative processes, also seems to play an important role in the regulation of the excitatory/inhibitory tone; infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes into the hippocampus of a transgenic AD model (APP-PS1) alters the expression of Npas4 and Arc along with other genes related to synaptic plasticity and Ca2+ signaling [83]. Here, NPAS4 is linked to Alzheimer disease.