TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: HE staining indicated that EX527 reversed the protective effect of echinacoside on ALI, which was further validated by MPO levels, W/D ratio of lung, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in lung tissue, total protein levels, macrophage and neutrophil counts, as well as TNF-α and IL-1β measurements in BALF (Figure 8A–J).