As our scRNA-seq analysis previously showed that Treg/CD8_Tef may be a potential curative effect index after LR-DPVB treatment (Fig. 3j-k, Supplementary Fig. 6l), we next investigated the clinical relevance of Treg/CD8_Tef (namely, Treg/Tef) and the outcome of T + A-treated HCC. Here, TEF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.