These results collectively suggested that a substantial proportion of memory CD4+ T cells that express ZEB2 and/or GZMB transcripts are clonally expanded and presumably respond to P. falciparum Ag, raising the possibility that expression of ZEB2 and perhaps granzyme B, may be useful surrogate markers to identify malaria-specific memory CD4+ T cells that are clonally expanded. The gene discussed is GZMB; the disease is malaria.