CCL2 and coinfection: Furthermore, correlation analyses between chemokines in different groups (co-infection, HIV, and NC) revealed higher connectivity among the chemokines in the co-infection group (Figure 2A–C), with weak positive correlations between IP-10 and CCL2 (r = 0.29), IP-10, and CCL5 (r = 0.28), and correlations ranging from weak to moderate between MIG and CCL5 (r = 0.36), which were not observed in the other groups.