TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: Previous studies have reported that arsenic exposure can directly activate HSCs by triggering the key signaling pathways associated with HSC activation, such as TGF-β/sam and EGFR/ERK [42,43], and promote liver fibrosis by inducing abnormal crosstalk between the hepatocyte injury or inflammation [44], macrophage polarization [45], immune cell differentiation [46], and HSC activation [47].