The barrier-affecting cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α IL-13, and IL-1β, that were predicted by IPA to be activated upstream regulators or those with positive activation z-scores (Tables S1 and S2) are known as key players in the inflammation of the colon with reduced barrier integrity in ulcerative colitis or Campylobacter jejuni infection of the colon [29,41]. Here, TNF is linked to ulcerative colitis.