The first demonstration that administration of ATBs prior to initiation of ICI treatment was found to have shorter OS and PFS in NSCLC patients [7,21,57] was published in two large cohorts of 140 and 239 advanced NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and/or anti-CTLA-4. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.