INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: It has been shown that UPR is involved in the regulation of lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes, suggesting that chronic, prolonged ER stress may play an important role in MASLD pathogenesis by affecting lipid metabolism in hepatocytes through altered VLDL secretion [38,39], inducing de novo lipogenesis [40], and impairing insulin signaling and autophagy [41,42].