TGFB1 and lung adenocarcinoma: Previous in vitro culture systems have shown that MAP3K19 siRNA or MAP3K19 inhibitors reduced the TGF-β-induced phospho-Smad2/3 nuclear translocation in an A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages, Human Embryonic Kidney cells, and HeLa cervical cancer cells [3,4].