The interplay of vitamin D may contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis by modulating the inflammatory response through decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and IL-8 in isolated blood monocytes, as well as through an increase in VEGF and decrease in endothelial contractile factors levels [102,103]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and atherosclerosis.