ATM and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Initiating DNA double-stranded breaks in NSCLC cells also played a central role in the antiproliferative capability of 6-gingerol, and upregulation of the key DNA damage-sensing kinases such as ATR and ATM by activating CHK signaling also suggests the ability of 6-gingerol to induce DDR against these NSCLC cells [40].