CDC42 and breast cancer: For instance, Dia1 (DIAPH1 in humans) participates in the Rho-dependent regulation of AJs in a human breast cancer epithelial cell line (Carramusa et al., 2007) and in Drosophila (Homem and Peifer, 2008), FMNL2 promotes AJ formation downstream of Rac1 in MCF10A cells (Grikscheit et al., 2015), Cdc42 and FMNL3 work together in endothelial cells (Richards et al., 2015) and during wound repair (Rao and Zaidel-Bar, 2016), and Cdc42 and DAAM collaborate to regulate the shape and adhesion of the cardioblast cells during Drosophila heart development (Vogler et al., 2014).