Other TLR mutations, including those TLRs analysed here (TLR1, -2, -4, -6), have been linked to a broad spectrum of immune disorders and chronic infections, such as colitis in mice and common variable immunodeficiency, asthma, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis and leprosy in humans (Choteau et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2012; Mortaz et al., 2017). Here, TLR1 is linked to colitis.