MTOR and cancer: 1) with significant enrichment for chromatin and organelle organizational genes, in line with the proliferative activity of YC-enriched cancers, as well as genes regulated by the PI3K–Akt–mTOR and Myc regulatory axis (0.03–0.05 false discovery rate) (Extended Data Fig. 1e). Both these pathways regulate 5′TOP-containing ribosome gene transcripts and ribosome biogenesis18,19, and our findings suggest their wider role in regulating YC:YR ratios and differential RNA metabolism from dual-initiating promoters.