Similarly, in other GBM and triple-negative breast cancer models, combination treatment of engineered OVs with ICIs such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) antibody, anti-PD-1 antibody and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) significantly inhibited tumor growth. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is triple-negative breast carcinoma.