CD8A and neoplasm: TAAs and neoantigens are taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and delivered to T cells, generating viral/tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which create an immunostimulatory microenvironment at the tumor site, while at the same time, these variations contribute to the transformation of tumor-supportive M2-like macrophages into tumor-suppressive M1-like macrophages [24].