TVA was ranked top and was further confirmed to enhance IL-2 production from mouse and human primary T cells (Extended Data Fig. 1b,c) and rescue PD-L1–PD-1-dependent exhaustion of Jurkat T cells induced by co-cultured PD-L1-expressing human cancer cells (Extended Data Fig. 1d), as indicated by reversed inhibition of IL-2 production. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and cancer.