CD274 and neoplasm: It is well-documented that activation of pro-survival and oncogenic signaling mediators and pathways such as Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)25, PI3K-AKT pathway26, JAK/STAT pathway25 and NF-ĸB transcription factor are involved in up-regulation and abundance of PD-L1 that facilitate tumor cell proliferation and growth15.