The frequency of PGVs in BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, and BRCA1, and MMR (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, or EPCAM) among these patients with LC was significantly higher than the frequencies seen in the control cohort of unaffected individuals undergoing proactive genetic screening (P < 10−5; Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene MSH2 and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.