AR and prostate carcinoma: In addition to the Erk1/2–CREB signaling pathway, the PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling pathway in prostate cancer (Cai et al. 2020) and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway in the cardiovascular system (Lorigo et al. 2020) also may be involved in AR-independent processes; however, their roles on synaptic function need to be further verified.