TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Notably, there are numerous mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy in NSCLC beyond PD-L1 expression that could serve as predictive radiomic biomarkers in precision therapy, such as high microsatellite instability/defective DNA mismatch repair; tumor mutational burden; DNA polymerase (POLE) mutations; cytokine expression (e.g., interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], and interleukins); and point mutations, deletions, or homozygous or heterozygous loss of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)81–84.