EGF and carcinoma: Meanwhile, Egr1 is also expressed by cancer cells in multiple types of carcinoma, containing stomach cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, uterine cervical cancer and ovarian cancer [34, 37–39], Egr1 could be upregulated by hepatocyte growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer, moreover, upregulated by epidermal growth factor in ovarian cancer, both of which lead to tumor cell metastasis [35, 40].