The distribution of CNV changes on chromosomes among the NRGs is graphically depicted in Fig. 1C. We observed that NRGs with CNV deficiencies, such as CDKN2A, IDH1, BRAF, TLR3, and FLT3, demonstrated lower expression levels relative to those in normal HNSCC samples; however, those with CNV gains, including FADD and TNFSF10, exhibited significantly elevated expression levels in HNSCC samples (Fig. 1D). Here, FADD is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.