KRAS and neoplasm: Given that both modalities work through distinct mechanisms, we used immunofluorescence to evaluate each therapy’s independent effects on hypoxia and tumor vasculature in orthotopically implanted MT4-LA, a luciferase expressing mT4-2D derived pancreatic cancer cell line that was isolated from Kras+/G12D TP53+/R172H Pdx1-Cre organoid cultures that models the poor vascularity of human pancreatic cancer and is unresponsive to standard-of-care chemotherapy (17–19).