In addition, among the genes involved in immune responses, it was confirmed that TLR4, which is activated by recognizing LPS38,39, and C5AR1, which regulates inflammatory response, obesity, and cancer development40–42, were increased significantly in the EtOH-fed group but decreased in the group treated with a probiotic strain (Figure 7h). Here, C5AR1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.