Goleva et al[50] discovered that Moraxella catarrhalis can induce GC-resistant asthma through the TGF-β-related kinase 1 pathway by enhancing the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK-1), which might also contribute to the occurrence of GCR in patients with nasal polyps. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK1 and nasal cavity polyp.