CRS is marked by the excessive production of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL12, IL18, IL33, IFN-I, and IFNγ, alongside chemokines such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and congenital rubella syndrome.