TIMP1-FGFR2 appeared to be an important pair between ICC-derived CAFs and these immune cells, which plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis (Supplementary Fig. 4c), Of interesting, targeting FGFR2 was reported as a potent therapeutic potential for ICC with FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements45. Here, TIMP1 is linked to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.