EIF4E and infection: Animal viruses alter the phosphorylation state of eIF4E during infection: while the calicivirus murine norovirus 1 (MNV1) and the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) trigger eIF4E phosphorylation [14,15], others such as adenovirus and the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) are known to dephosphorylate eIF4E [16,17].