On the gene-level the results highlight important genetic mechanisms through TSNARE1, GABRA2, ECE2, PAX8, MEIS1, and CACNA1C. The results validate variation in canonical sleep disorder genes such as MEIS1, or PAX8 which have been reported as significant in insomnia GWAS [16, 17], as increasing sleep medication purchase. Here, CACNA1C is linked to insomnia.