HIF1A and atherosclerosis: HIF-1α serves as a primary regulator of both physiological and pathological hypoxia and is widely expressed in cardiovascular diseases, heralding the occurrence of various cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pathological hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, congenital heart diseases, heart failure, etc.6,27 Myocardial ischemia is one of the most common causes of tissue hypoxia in the heart and can trigger myocardial remodeling.