Upon evaluation of gene markers of cholangiocytes and CCA malignant cells, the ETS factor ELF3 recurrently appears in these lists.32 Indeed, ELF3 was already described as a tumor suppressor in CCA and that mutations in ELF3 are usually more associated with perihilar CCA and distal CCA than intrahepatic CCA. This evidence concerns the gene ELF3 and cholangiocarcinoma.