Currently, immunotherapy clinical trials integrating the assessment of EV liquid-biopsy biomarkers are underway in various tumors such as EV PD-L1 and miRNAs in NSCLC (NCT04427475), PD-L1 in melanoma (NCT05744076), PD-L1 and exosomes in colon cancer (NCT03927898; NCT04483219), PD-L1 and CD20 in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (NCT03985696), PD-L1 and LAG-3 in HCC (NCT05575622), exosomes in TNBC (NCT02977468), exosomes and their RNA in renal cell carcinoma (NCT05705583) (Table 4). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.