AR and prostate carcinoma: For example, androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a major driver of prostate cancer (PCa) progression [113].In contrast, estrogen is the main driving force for the regulation of recycling of the ECM in the mammary gland GPER(G protein-coupled estrogen receptor,GPER) not only mediates cell proliferation, but also promotes the adhesion / diffusion, proliferation and migration of breast CAFs [114, 115].